Substrate and fertilization are essential factors in maintaining the robust growth of aquatic plants. The right substrate material and nutrients provide the necessary support and nourishment for the plants. Here's a discussion on substrate and fertilization:

1. Choosing the Substrate Material:

   • Sand: Fine sand is a common substrate material that provides a suitable environment for plant roots to anchor. However, sand does not contain nutrients, so additional fertilization is needed.

   • Lava Rock: Lava rock is a porous mineral that can adsorb nutrients and ammonia, contributing to water quality maintenance. However, it does not provide nutrients on its own, so additional fertilization is still required.

   • Aquatic Soil: Aquatic soil is rich in nutrients, benefiting plant growth. However, be cautious as aquatic soil might lead to cloudy water in the aquarium. Proper water quality management is necessary when using aquatic soil.

   • Specialized Aquarium Plant Substrates: There are substrates specifically designed for aquarium plants available on the market. They typically contain a variety of nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, etc., which are beneficial for aquatic plants.

2. Providing Fertilization:

   • Liquid Fertilizers: Liquid fertilizers are a commonly used form of fertilization that can be directly added to the aquarium. They provide essential nutrients for aquatic plants. However, careful dosing is crucial to avoid water quality issues.

   • Root Tabs: Root tabs are specially designed fertilizers for root-feeding plants. They can be placed directly in the substrate, where the plant roots absorb the nutrients. Root tabs are highly effective for plants that primarily get their nutrients from the substrate.

   • Solid Fertilizers: Some substrate materials may contain some nutrients, but their release rate is slow, providing nutrients over time.

   • Humic Acid: Humic acid is an organic compound derived from the decomposition of organic matter. It can provide some organic nutrients to aquatic plants. You can consider adding humic acid supplements.

Adjust the amount and frequency of fertilization based on factors such as the plant species, light intensity, water quality parameters, etc. Regularly test water quality and observe the growth of aquatic plants to determine if adjustments to the substrate and fertilization are needed. Maintaining aquatic plants requires patience and experience, but once you've mastered the proper care methods for your planted aquarium, it will become a beautiful landscape.